Steve Jobs, Photo Text Portrait: *1955 February 24 - 2011 October 5. Textportrait Steve Jobs by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2011, 2011 October 5. Biography Text (2011 October 5, 2011 by Wikipedia.org). Text: Steve Jobs - Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American computer entrepreneur and inventor. He was co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Jobs also previously served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, following the acquisition of Pixar by Disney. He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer.[12] In the late 1970s, Jobs, with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Mike Markkula,[9] and others, designed, developed, and marketed one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC’s mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Macintosh.[13][14] After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985,[15][16] Jobs resigned from Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. Apple’s subsequent 1996 buyout of NeXT brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he served as its CEO from 1997 until 2011. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm Ltd which was spun off as Pixar Animation Studios.[17] He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney company in 2006.[18] Consequently Jobs became Disney’s largest individual shareholder at 7 percent and a member of Disney’s Board of Directors.[19][20][21][22] His aim to develop products that are both functional and elegant earned him a devoted following.[23] On August 24, 2011, Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple’s CEO. In his letter of resignation, Jobs strongly recommended that the Apple executive succession plan be followed and Tim Cook be named as his successor. Per his request, Jobs was appointed chairman of Apple’s board of directors.[24][25][26][27] On October 5, 2011, Apple announced that Jobs had died.[8][28] He was 56 years old.[29] Contents 1 Early years 2 Career 2.1 Beginnings of Apple Computer 2.2 NeXT Computer 2.3 Pixar and Disney 2.4 Return to Apple 2.5 Resignation 3 Business life 3.1 Wealth 3.2 Stock options backdating issue 3.3 Management style 3.4 Inventions 3.5 Philanthropy 4 Personal life 4.1 Illness and death 4.1.1 Statements on Jobs’ death 5 Honors 6 In popular culture 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Articles 9.2 Interviews Early years Steve Jobs at the WWDC 07Jobs was born in San Francisco[1] and was adopted by Paul and Clara Jobs (née Hagopian)[30] of Mountain View, California, who named him Steven Paul.[2] Paul and Clara later adopted a daughter, whom they named Patti. Jobs’ biological parents – Abdulfattah John Jandali,[31] a Syrian Muslim[32] graduate student from Homs who later became a political science professor,[33] and Joanne Simpson (née Schieble), an American graduate student[32] who went on to become a speech language pathologist[34] – eventually married. Together, they gave birth to and raised Jobs’ biological sister, novelist Mona Simpson.[35][36][37][38][39][40] Jobs attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[23] He frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California and was later hired there, working with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.[41] Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Although he dropped out after only one semester,[42] he continued auditing classes at Reed, while sleeping on the floor in friends’ rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[16] Jobs later said, “If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.”[16] In autumn 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak. He took a job as a technician at Atari, a manufacturer of popular video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India. Jobs then traveled to India to visit the Neem Karoli Baba[43] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, the first Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. He came back a Buddhist with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing.[44][45] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, calling his LSD experiences “one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life”.[46] He has said that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[46] Jobs returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game Breakout. According to Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5,000) and that Wozniak’s share was thus $350.[47][48][49][50][51][52] [edit] Career[edit] Beginnings of Apple ComputerSee also: History of Apple Steve Jobs and Bill Gates at the fifth D: All Things Digital conference (D5) in 2007In 1976, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne,[53] with later funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer A.C. “Mike” Markkula Jr.,[9] founded Apple. Prior to co-founding Apple, Wozniak was an electronics hacker. Jobs and Wozniak had been friends for several years, having met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. Steve Jobs managed to interest Wozniak in assembling a computer and selling it. As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion. In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Steve Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple’s CEO, asking, “Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?”[54] The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled “1984″. At Apple’s annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as “pandemonium”.[55] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful small computer with a graphical user interface. The development of the Mac was started by Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs. While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs’s working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs because of disappointing sales at the time – Sculley relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.[56][57] He later claimed that being fired from Apple was the best thing that could happen to him; “The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.”[58] [edit] NeXT ComputerSee also: NeXT Steve Jobs on computer graphics. Interview excerpt from 1995.[59] The NeXT used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN that became the first server in the World Wide Web.Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT Computer. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced; however, it was largely dismissed by industry as cost-prohibitive[citation needed]. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system[citation needed]. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port)[citation needed]. The NeXTcube was described by Jobs as an “interpersonal”[Need quotation to verify] computer, which he believed was the next step after “personal”[Need quotation to verify] computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve many of the problems that “personal” computing had come up against.[citation needed] During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT’s e-mail system, NeXTMail, as an example of his “interpersonal” philosophy[citation needed]. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail[citation needed]. Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced[original research?] by such things as the NeXTcube’s magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT’s hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[citation needed] [edit] Pixar and DisneyIn 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm’s computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[60] The new company, which was originally based at Lucasfilm’s Kerner Studios in San Rafael, California, but has since relocated to Emeryville, California, was initially intended to be a high-end graphics hardware developer. After years of unprofitability selling the Pixar Image Computer, it contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute. The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar’s creative chief John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits A Bug’s Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), The Incredibles (2004), Cars (2006), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009) and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001. In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar’s contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[61] and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired. In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company’s largest single shareholder with approximately 7% of the company’s stock.[19] Jobs’s holdings in Disney far exceed those of Eisner, who holds 1.7%, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about 1% of the company’s stock and whose criticisms of Eisner – especially that he soured Disney’s relationship with Pixar – accelerated Eisner’s ousting. Jobs joined the company’s board of directors upon completion of the merger. Jobs also helped oversee Disney and Pixar’s combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six person steering committee. [edit] Return to Apple Jobs on stage at Macworld Conference & Expo, San Francisco, January 11, 2005See also: “1998–2005: Return to profitability” in Apple Computer, Inc. In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $429 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[62] bringing Jobs back to the company he had co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July. He was formally named interim chief executive in September 1997.[63] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple’s efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, “afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs’ summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company.”[64] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines. With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company’s technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs’s guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the “interim” modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[65] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title ‘iCEO.’[66] In recent years, the company has branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that “real artists ship”,[67] by which he meant that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and attractive design. Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the “reality distortion field” and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as “Stevenotes”) at Macworld Expos and at Apple’s own Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple’s poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple’s Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[16] The banner read “Steve — Don’t be a mini-player recycle all e-waste”. In 2006, he further expanded Apple’s recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and “environmentally friendly disposal” of their old systems.[68] [edit] Resignation Wikinews has related news: Apple executive Steve Jobs resigns In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained at the company as chairman of the company’s board.[69][70] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped 5% in after-hour trading.[71] The relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that Jobs’ health had been in the news for several years, and he was on medical leave since January 2011.[72] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[73] In after-hour trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5%.[74] [edit] Business life[edit] WealthEven though Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[75] he held 5.426 million Apple shares, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he had received in exchange for Disney’s acquisition of Pixar).[76] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[77] [edit] Stock options backdating issueIn 2001, Steve Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30, which allegedly should have been $21.10, thereby incurring taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report as income. This indicated backdating. Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. If found liable, Jobs might have faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. Apple claimed that the options were originally granted at a special board meeting. Furthermore, the investigation is focusing on false dating of the options resulting in a retroactive $20 million increase in the exercise price. The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[78] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[79] On July 1, 2008, a $7 billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[80][81] [edit] Management style Jobs demonstrating the iPhone 4 to Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on June 23, 2010Much was made of Jobs’ aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was “considered one of Silicon Valley’s leading egomaniacs”.[82] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Mike Moritz’s The Little Kingdom, one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune’s list of America’s Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT. Cofounder Dan’l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, “The highs were unbelievable . . . [b]ut the lows were unimaginable,” to which Jobs’s office replied that his personality had changed since then.[83] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs “would have made an excellent king of France,” alluding to Jobs’ compelling and larger-than-life persona.[84] Jobs always aspired to position Apple and its products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007 by quoting ice hockey legend Wayne Gretzky:[85] There’s an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. ‘I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.’ And we’ve always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will. —Steve Jobs Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a “mature, mellow individual” and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[86] In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[87] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had “closed a deal … to make its titles available for the iPad.”[88] [edit] InventionsJobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 338 US patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages.[89][90] [edit] PhilanthropyAfter Bloomberg accidentally published Jobs’ obituary in 2008, Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine noted that “Jobs isn’t widely known for his association with philanthropic causes”, compared to Bill Gates’ efforts.[91] After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs.[92] [edit] Personal lifeJobs married Laurene Powell, on March 18, 1991. Presiding over the wedding was the Zen Buddhist monk Kobun Chino Otogawa.[93] The couple have a son and two daughters.[94] Jobs also has a daughter, Lisa Brennan-Jobs (born 1978), from his relationship with Bay Area painter Chrisann Brennan.[95] She briefly raised their daughter on welfare when Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[95] In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she “believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan.” In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children. Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:[96] My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other’s negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are not done by one person, they are done by a team of people. In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building’s north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs had never moved in.[97][98] In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by George Washington Smith, in Woodside, California (also known as Jackling House). Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept an old BMW motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. Since the early 1990s, Jobs has lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996 on a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[99][100] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[101] Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007 Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[102] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010 and the mansion was demolished beginning February 2011.[103] Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by St. Croix, Levi’s 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[104] He was a pescetarian, one whose diet includes fish but no other meat.[105][106] His car was a silver 2008 Mercedes SL 55 AMG, which does not display its license plates.[107][108] Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting when Jobs first criticized Dell for making “un-innovative beige boxes”.[109] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, he said “I’d shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders.”[110] In 2006, Steve Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple’s market capitalization rose above Dell’s. The email read:[111] Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn’t perfect at predicting the future. Based on today’s stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve. [edit] Illness and deathIn mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[112] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[112] After initially resisting the idea of conventional medical intervention and embarking on a special diet to thwart the disease, Jobs underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or “Whipple procedure”) in July 2004 that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[113][114] Jobs apparently did not require nor receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[112][115] During Jobs’ absence, Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[112] Jobs at the 2008 Macworld Conference & ExpoIn early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple’s annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His “thin, almost gaunt” appearance and unusually “listless” delivery,[116][117] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[118] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he “looked fine”.[119] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that “Steve’s health is robust.”[120] Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs’ 2008 WWDC keynote address.[121] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a “common bug” and was taking antibiotics,[122] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[123] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Steve Jobs’ health by insisting that it was a “private matter”. Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs’ hands-on approach to running his company.[124] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that “while his health issues have amounted to a good deal more than ‘a common bug,’ they weren’t life-threatening and he doesn’t have a recurrence of cancer.”[125] On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure’s untimely death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[126][127] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs’ health.[128] Jobs responded at Apple’s September 2008 Let’s Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: “Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.”[129] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading “110/70″, referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[130] On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company’s final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs’ health.[131][132] In a statement given on January 5, 2009 on Apple.com,[133] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a “hormone imbalance” for several months.[134] On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had “learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought” and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009 to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who had previously acted as CEO in Jobs’ 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[135] with Jobs still involved with “major strategic decisions.”[135] In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[136] Jobs’ prognosis was “excellent”.[136] On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made “so he could focus on his health”. As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[137][138] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[139] Jobs announced his resignation from his role as Apple’s CEO on August 24, 2011. In his resignation letter, Jobs wrote that he could “no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO”.[140] On October 5, 2011, his family, in a statement, said Jobs “died peacefully today surrounded by his family . . .”[141][142] Screenshot of Apple.com’s tribute to Steve Jobs.Apple released a separate statement saying that Jobs had died.[8][143] The statement read “We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today. Steve’s brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve. His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.” Also on October 5, 2011, Apple’s corporate website greeted visitors with a simple page showing Jobs’s name and lifespan next to his greyscale portrait. Clicking on Jobs’s image led to an obituary that read “Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.” An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[144] Jobs is survived by his wife, Laurene, to whom he was married for 20 years, their three children, and a fourth child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, from a previous relationship.[145] [edit] Statements on Jobs’ deathStatements reacting to Jobs’ death were released by notable people in the US, including U.S. President Barack Obama, Microsoft founder Bill Gates, Walt Disney Company’s Bob Iger, and Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Wired collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[146] Excerpts from President Barack Obama’s statement:[147] Steve was among the greatest of American innovators - brave enough to think differently, bold enough to believe he could change the world, and talented enough to do it. By building one of the planet’s most successful companies from his garage, he exemplified the spirit of American ingenuity. By making computers personal and putting the internet in our pockets, he made the information revolution not only accessible, but intuitive and fun. And by turning his talents to storytelling, he has brought joy to millions of children and grownups alike. Steve was fond of saying that he lived every day like it was his last. Because he did, he transformed our lives, redefined entire industries, and achieved one of the rarest feats in human history: he changed the way each of us sees the world. Bill Gates released a statement saying:[148][149] I’m truly saddened to learn of Steve Jobs’ death. Melinda and I extend our sincere condolences to his family and friends, and to everyone Steve has touched through his work. Steve and I first met nearly 30 years ago, and have been colleagues, competitors and friends over the course of more than half our lives. The world rarely sees someone who has had the profound impact Steve has had, the effects of which will be felt for many generations to come. For those of us lucky enough to get to work with him, it’s been an insanely great honor. I will miss Steve immensely. Walt Disney Company president Bob Iger said in regards to Jobs: Steve Jobs was a great friend as well as a trusted advisor. His legacy will extend far beyond the products he created or the businesses he built. It will be the millions of people he inspired, the lives he changed, and the culture he defined. Steve was such an “original,” with a thoroughly creative, imaginative mind that defined an era. Despite all he accomplished, it feels like he was just getting started. With his passing the world has lost a rare original, Disney has lost a member of our family, and I have lost a great friend. Our thoughts and prayers are with his wife Laurene and his children during this difficult time. Mark Zuckerberg wrote on his Facebook page:[150] Steve, thank you for being a mentor and a friend. Thanks for showing that what you build can change the world. I will miss you. American director Steven Spielberg said: “Steve Jobs was the greatest inventor since Thomas Edison. He put the world at our fingertips.”[151] Microsoft Co-founder Paul Allen said: “We’ve lost a unique tech pioneer and auteur who knew how to make amazingly great products. Steve fought a long battle against tough odds in a very brave way. He kept doing amazing things in the face of all that adversity. As someone who has had his own medical challenges, I couldn’t help but be encouraged by how he persevered.”[152] Apple Co-founder Steve Wozniak said : “People sometimes have goals in life. Steve Jobs exceeded every goal he set himself.” [edit] HonorsJobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1984 with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[153] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category “Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under” (a.k.a. the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[154] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune Magazine.[155] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[156] In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement.[157] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune Magazine.[158] In September 2011, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World’s Most Powerful People.[159] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay by stating, “In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: ‘Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.’ How wrong can you be”.[160] [edit] In popular cultureDue to his youth, great wealth, and charisma, after Apple’s founding Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 “Machine of the Year”, it published a long profile of him as “the most famous maestro of the micro”.[161][162] In 2011 Jobs was voted Best Business Entrepreneur On Earth. Jobs was prominently featured in four productions about the history of the personal computing industry: Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer. Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet. Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 docudrama which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft. He was portrayed by Noah Wyle. The Machine that Changed the World (1992) – Part 3 of this 5 part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple. After his resignation as Apple’s CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[163][164] [edit] Notes^ a b c “Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs”. Smithsonian Institution. April 20, 1995. http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/sj1.html. Retrieved September 20, 2006. ^ a b c Markoff, John (October 5, 2011). “Steve Jobs, Apple’s Visionary, Dies at 56″. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/business/steve-jobs-of-apple-dies-at-56.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ “Forbes 400 Richest Americans”. Forbes. March, 2011. http://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs. Retrieved March 10, 2011. ^ “The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies – Board of Directors”. The Walt Disney Company. http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html. Retrieved October 2, 2009. ^ Elkind, Peter (March 15, 2008). “The trouble with Steve Jobs”. Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved July 21, 2008. ^ “Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies”. CNN. October 5, 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html?iref=BN1&hpt=hp_t1. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ “Statement by Apple’s Board of Directors” (Press release). Apple Inc.. October 5, 2011. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors.html. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ a b c “Remembering Steve Jobs”. Cupertino, California: Apple Inc.. October 5, 2011. http://www.apple.com/stevejobs/. Retrieved October 5, 2011. ^ a b c Markoff, John (September 1, 1997). “An ‘Unknown’ Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil”. 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July 24, 2008. ^ Talking Business: Apple’s Culture of Secrecy The New York Times (July 26, 2008). ^ “Steve Jobs’ Obituary, As Run By Bloomberg”. Gawker Media. August 27, 2008. http://gawker.com/5042795/bloomberg-runs-steve-jobs-obituary. Retrieved August 28, 2008. ^ Moore, Matthew (August 28, 2008). “Steve Jobs Obituary Published By Bloomberg”. The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2638481/Steve-Jobs-obituary-published-by-Bloomberg.html. Retrieved August 28, 2008. ^ “Bloomberg publishes Jobs obit but why?”. Zdnet Blogs. ZDnet. August 28, 2008. http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=9825. Retrieved August 29, 2008. ^ “Apple posts ‘Lets Rock’ event video”. Macworld. September 10, 2008. http://www.macworld.com/article/135466/2008/09/september.html. Retrieved September 11, 2008. ^ “Live from Apple’s “spotlight turns to notebooks” event”. Engadget. October 14, 2008. http://www.engadget.com/2008/10/14/live-from-apples-spotlight-turns-to-notebooks-event/. Retrieved October 14, 2008. ^ Stone, Brad (December 17, 2008). “Apple’s Chief to Skip Macworld, Fueling Speculation”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/17/technology/companies/17apple.html?ref=technology. Retrieved May 24, 2010. ^ “Steve Jobs’ Health Declining Rapidly, Reason for Macworld Cancellation – Steve Jobs’ health”. Gizmodo. December 30, 2008. http://gizmodo.com/5120687/steve-jobs-health-declining-rapidly-reason-for-macworld-cancellation?skyline=true&s=x. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Jobs, Steve (January 5, 2009). Letter from Apple CEO Steve Jobs. . Apple.com (Apple Inc.). http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/05sjletter.html. Retrieved January 20, 2009. ^ “Apple’s Jobs admits poor health”. BBC News. January 5, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7811857.stm. Retrieved January 5, 2009. ^ a b “Apple Media Advisory” (Press release). Apple Inc.. January 14, 2009. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2009/01/14advisory.html. Retrieved January 14, 2009. ^ a b “Steve Jobs recovering after liver transplant”. CNN. June 23, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/06/23/steve.jobs.liver.transplant/index.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Helft, Miguel (January 17, 2010). “Apple Says Steve Jobs Will Take a New Medical Leave”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/technology/18apple.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010. ^ “Steve Jobs to take medical leave of absence but remain Apple CEO”. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/11/01/17/steve_jobs_to_take_medical_leave_of_absence_but_remain_apple_ceo.html. ^ Abell, John (June 8, 2011). “Video: Jobs Pitches New ‘Mothership’ to Approving Cupertino City Council”. Wired. http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2011/06/cupertino-jobs-ufo-building/. Retrieved June 9, 2011. ^ “Apple Resignation Letter” (Press release). Apple. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/08/24Letter-from-Steve-Jobs.html. Retrieved August 29, 2011. ^ “Statement by Steve Jobs’ Family” (Press release). Business Wire. 2011-10-05. http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20111005006888/en/Statement-Steve-Jobs%E2%80%99-Family. Retrieved 2011-10-06. ^ Steve Jobs, Apple Co-Founder, Is Dead - WSJ.com ^ “Statement by Apple’s Board of Directors” (Press release). Apple Press Info. 2011-10-05. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/10/05Statement-by-Apples-Board-of-Directors.html. Retrieved 2011-10-06. ^ Apple - Remembering Steve Jobs ^ Griggs, Brandon (October 5, 2011). “Steve Jobs, Apple founder, dies”. CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/05/us/obit-steve-jobs/index.html. ^ “1955-2011: Steve Jobs”. Wired News. 2011-10-06. Archived from the original on 2011-10-06. http://www.wired.com/. ^ President Obama on the Passing of Steve Jobs: “He changed the way each of us sees the world.” | The White House ^ Steve Jobs ^ Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple, has passed away at 56 - Engadget ^ Mark Zuckerberg Pays Tribute to Steve Jobs ^ Disney CEO: “Jobs Was Such an Original” ^ “Tributes for Steve Jobs from Great Entrepreneurs and Techy geeks”. http://www.skoolboyz.in/2011/10/tributes-for-steve-jobs-from-great.html. ^ “THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF TECHNOLOGY RECIPIENTS 1985 Laureates”. Uspto.gov. http://www.uspto.gov/nmti/recipients_85.html. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ “National Winners | public service awards”. Jefferson Awards.org. http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ “25 most powerful people in business 1. Steve Jobs”. CNN. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Jobs inducted into California Hall of Fame, California Museum. Retrieved 2007. ^ “Steve Jobs bigger than Oprah!” (PDF). http://www.ja.org/files/polls/Teens-Entrepreneurship-Part-2.pdf. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Lashinsky, Adam (November 5, 2009). “Steve Jobs: CEO of the decade”. CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/11/04/technology/steve_jobs_ceo_decade.fortune/index.htm/. Retrieved April 19, 2010. ^ Noer, Michael (November 11, 2009). “The World’s Most Powerful People”. Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/profile/steve-jobs. ^ Richard Waters and Joseph Menn, “Silicon Valley visionary who put Apple on top,” Financial Times, December 22, 2010. The actual text from the biography is: Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That’s why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn’t bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn’t reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren’t ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren’t willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn’t know what to do with. John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987 ^ Cocks, Jay; Michael Moritz (January 3, 1983). “The Updated Book of Jobs”. Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953633,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011. ^ Golden, Frederic (January 3, 1983). “Other Maestros of the Micro”. Time. http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,953634,00.html. Retrieved February 24, 2011. ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). “Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011. ^ Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). “What Makes Steve Jobs Great”. The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011. [edit] ReferencesCaddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9. Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4. Denning, Peter J. & Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). A Conversation with Steve Jobs. Comm. ACM. Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 437–443. Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8. Freiberger, Paul & Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7. Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O’Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1. Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2. Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2. Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9. Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7. Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0. Simon, William L. & Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6. Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0. Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28 Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7. Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4. [edit] External links Book: Apple Inc. Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Find more about Steve Jobs on Wikipedia’s sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Steve Jobs’ executive profile at Apple. YouTube video of first Jobs’ Macworld keynote in 1997, when he returned to Apple, where he announced partnership with Microsoft. Jobs’s commencement address at Stanford University, June 12, 2005 (YouTube video). “Thoughts on Music” by Steve Jobs, February 6, 2007. “Thoughts on Flash” by Steve Jobs, April, 2010. Steve Jobs at TED Conferences Appearances on C-SPAN Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg Profile at Forbes [edit] Articles”Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job”. Time. 2007. Anecdotes from Steve Jobs’ early days in Apple as reported by Andy Hertzfeld. Folklore.org. Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). “Creating Jobs”. The New York Times Magazine. http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved October 27, 2007. Booth, Cathy (August 18, 1997). “Steve’s job: restart Apple”. Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved October 27, 2007. Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). “The trouble with Steve Jobs”. Fortune. http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm?postversion=2008030513. Retrieved March 5, 2008. [edit] InterviewsSteve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) — April 20, 1995. The Seed of Apple’s Innovation, BusinessWeek — October 12, 2004. How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune — February 21, 2005. ‘Good for the Soul’ at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006)., Newsweek — October 15, 2006. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), All Things D – May 30, 2007. Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission – March 18, 2008 Interview with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, Job’s biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat Ya Liban, February 28, 2011.

Ralph Ueltzhoeffer produced three large-scale gallery installations between 2008 and 2011. In these works, the artist transferred words and images directly to the surfaces of the gallery. Each installation featured 300 textportraits of popular persons. Disrupting the seeming naturalness of the white gallery space, Ueltzhoeffer’s treatment of the walls and ceiling underscored the way in which architecture and social spaces have their own way of speaking and representing the world…

The New York Public Exhibitions 2008/2009 by Holland Shelby.
Ralph Ueltzhoeffer born 1966, Mannheim Germany. The “MISSING” Project 2008 at Ground Zero, Cafe Europe and Chelsea Art Gallery Tomwell in New York City. In 2009 Project “MISSING” at Prada shopping store, New York. In the “Textportraits” images and words are equally used to generate a portrait, understood as the visual representation of an individual. Combining the miscellaneous digital information he composes portraits using the word ”missing” referring to the trait of human cognition to hide daily routine perceptions in “blind spots”.

Ralph Ueltzhoeffer’s artistic research is dedicated to the relationship of visual and written information in the digital sphere and their relevance for the beliefs one produces from these data. His search for new forms synchronizing visual and written information reacts and reflects on the internet as an open and central source of information in times of globalization and digitalization of data. In the synopses of visible and readable information he engenders visuals which require new perceptional approaches. More at Kunstforum…

Ai Weiwei, Photo Text Portrait: 28 August 1957. Textportrait Ai Weiwei by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2011, April 18. Biography Text (April 18, 2011 by Wikipedia.org). Ai Weiwei (born 28 August 1957) is a Chinese artist and activist, who is also active in architecture, curating, photography, film, and social and cultural criticism.[1][2] Ai collaborated with Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuronas the artistic consultant on the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Olympics.[3] In addition to showing his art he has investigated government corruption and cover-ups. He was particularly focused at exposing an alleged corruption scandal in the construction of Sichuan schools that collapsed during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. He intensively uses the internet to communicate with people all over China, especially the young generation.[4] On 3 April 2011 police detained him at Beijing airport, and his studio in the capital was sealed off in an apparent crackdown by the Chinese authorities on political dissidents.[5][6] Life and workAi Weiwei’s father was Chinese poet Ai Qing, who was denounced during the Anti-Rightist Movement and in 1958 sent to a labour camp in Xinjiang with his wife, Gao Ying.[7] Ai Weiwei was one year old at the time and lived in Shihezi for 16 years. In 1975 the family returned to Beijing.[8] Ai Weiwei is married to artist Lu Qing.[7] In 1978, Ai enrolled in the Beijing Film Academy and attended school with Chinese directors Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou.[9] In 1978, he was one of the founders of the early avant garde art group the “Stars”, together with Ma Desheng, Wang Keping, Huang Rui, Li Shuang, Zhong Acheng and Qu Leilei. The group disbanded in 1983.[10] Yet Ai Weiwei participated in regular Stars group shows, The Stars: Ten Years, 1989 (Hanart Gallery, Hong-Hong and Taipei), and a retrospective exhibition in Beijing in 2007:Origin Point (Today Art Museum, Beijing). From 1981 to 1993, he lived in the United States, mostly in New York, creating conceptual art by altering readymade objects.[10] While in New York, he studied at Parsons School of Design.[11] f In 1993, Ai returned to China because his father became ill.[12] Back in Beijing, he helped establish the experimental artists’ Beijing East Village and published a series of three books about this new generation of artists: Black Cover Book (1994), White Cover Book (1995), and Gray Cover Book (1997).[13] Ai Weiwei’s contribution to the Documenta 12 in Kassel 2007Ai Weiwei is co-founder and Artistic Director of China Art Archives & Warehouse (CAAW), founded in 1997, Beijing. It is a contemporary art archive and experimental gallery that concentrates on experimental art from the People’s Republic of China, initiates and facilitates exhibitions and other forms of introductions inside and outside China.[14] The building is designed by Ai Weiwei. Template (2007) after collapseIn 1999, Ai moved to Caochangdi, in the northeast of Beijing, and built a studio house, his first architectural project. Since he was getting more involved with architecture, he founded the architecture studio FAKE Design, in 2003.[15] In 2000, he co-curated the art exhibition Fuck Off with curator Feng Boyi in Shanghai, China.[16] Ai Weiwei and HHF Architects designed a private residence in upstate New York in 2006. According to the New York Times, the house, completed in 2008, is “extraordinarily refined” and designed to incorporate a large, contemporary Chinese artcollection.[17][18] In 2010, Wallpaper magazine nominated the home for its Wallpaper Design Awards category: Best New Private House.[19] In 2008 he curated the architecture project Ordos 100 in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia. He invited 100 architects from all over the world (29 countries) to participate in this project.[20] Ai curated the exhibition The State of Things, together with Belgian artist Luc Tuymans. It was shown at the Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels (18/10/2009 - 10/01/2010) and at the National Art Museum in Beijing (01/05/2010 -30/05/2010).[21] On 15 March 2010 he took part in Digital Activism in China: A discussion between Ai Weiwei, Jack Dorsey (founder of Twitter) and Richard MacManus, hosted by The Paley Media Center in New York.[22] [edit] ExhibitionsAi’s artwork has been exhibited in China, Japan, Korea, Australia, United Kingdom, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Ireland, Israel, Brazil and the United States. Ai Weiwei’s work was included in the 48th Venice Biennale in Italy (1999), 1st Guangzhou Triennale in China (2002), 1st Monpellier Biennial of Chinese Contemporary Art in France (2005), The 2nd Guangzhou Triennial (2005), Busan Biennial in Korea (2006), The 5th Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art in Australia (2006), Documenta 12 in Germany (2007), Liverpool Biennial International 08 in the United Kingdom (2008), 2010 Venice Architecture Biennale and the 29th Sao Paulo Biennial in Brazil (2010). Fairytale is the title of Ai Weiwei’s contribution for Documenta 12 in 2007. For this project Ai Weiwei brought 1001 people from all over China to a small town in Germany called Kassel. They were chosen through an open invitation he posted on his blog.[23] Ai even designed clothes, luggage and a temporary home in an old textile factory. He let them wander around the city during the exhibition time of three months. The participants were divided into five groups that each stayed in Kassel for eight days. According to Philip Tinari the primary design object here is not the clothing or suitcases but the participants’ experiences, even their spirits.[15] During the exhibition his monumental outdoor sculpture titled Template, made of wooden doors and windows from destroyed Ming and Qing Dynasty houses (1368–1911), collapsed after a storm.[24] From October 2009 to January 2010 Ai Weiwei exhibited So Sorry at Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany. This solo exhibition showed Ai Weiwei’s largest retrospective to date.[25] The title refers to the thousands of apologies expressed recently by governments, industries, and financial corporations worldwide in an effort to make up for tragedies and wrongdoings – though often withhout shouldering the consequences or the desire to acknowledge let alone repair. Saying sorry – or not saying it – is in the headlines everywhere and thus also in China.[26] For this show Ai Weiwei created the installation Remembering on Haus der Kunst’s façade. It was made out of 9000 children’s backpacks. They spell out the sentence ‘She lived happily for seven years in this world’ in Chinese characters. This is a quote from a mother whose child died in the Sichuan earthquake in 2008. Ai Weiwei said: “The idea to use backpacks came from my visit to Sichuan after the earthquake in May 2008. During the earthquake many schools collapsed. Thousands of young students lost their lives, and you could see bags and study material everywhere. Then you realize individual life, media, and the lives of the students are serving very different purposes. The lives of the students disappeared within the state propaganda, and very soon everybody will forget everything.”[27] On 25 July 2009 Ai Weiwei opened his solo show According to What? at Tokyo’s Mori Art Museum, Japan. This exhibition presented 26 works, most made over the past decade.[28] In December 2009, Ai Weiwei had a small exhibition at the Comme des Garcons store in Hong Kong.[29] From March to September 2010, Ai exhibited Barely Something, an exhibition curated by Roger M. Buergel, the director of Documenta12, at the Museum DKM in Duisburg, Germany.[30] Sunflower Seeds, 2010In October 2010, Sunflower Seeds was installed at the Tate Modern Turbine Hall, London. The work consists of one hundred million porcelain “seeds,” each individually hand-painted in the town of Jingdezhen by 1,600 Chinese artisans, and scattered over a large area of the exhibition hall.[31] The artist was keen for visitors to walk across and roll in the work to experience and contemplate the essence of his comment on mass consumption, Chinese industry, famine and collective work. However, on 16 October, Tate Modern stopped people from walking on the exhibit due to health liability concerns over the porcelain dust.[32] In February 2011, a 220-pound (100 kg) pile from Sunflower Seeds sold for $559,394 (well above its high estimate of $195,000) at Sotheby’s in London, weeks after Ai Weiwei’s studio was destroyed by the government.[33]
Detail of Sunflower Seeds, 2010[edit] AwardsIn March 2010 Ai Weiwei received an Honorary Doctorate Degree from the Faculty of Politics and Social Science, University of Gent, Belgium.[34] In September 2010 he received Das Glas der Vernunft (The Prism of Reason), Kassel Citizen Award, Kassel, Germany.[35] Ai Weiwei was ranked 13 in ArtReview’s guide to the 100 most powerful figures in contemporary art: Power 100, 2010.[36] [edit] Beijing National Stadium The Beijing National Stadium at night during the 2008 Summer OlympicsAi was commissioned as the artistic consultant for design, collaborating with the Swiss firm Herzog & de Meuron, for the Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Summer Olympics, also known as the “Bird’s Nest.”[37] Although ignored by the Chinese media, he had voiced his anti-Olympics views.[2] He later distanced himself from the project, saying, “I’ve already forgotten about it. I turn down all the demands to have photographs with it,” saying it is part of a “pretend smile” of bad taste.[38][39] In August 2007 he also accused those choreographing the Olympic opening ceremony, including Steven Spielberg and Zhang Yimou, of failing to live up to their responsibility as artists. Ai said “It’s disgusting. I don’t like anyone who shamelessly abuses their profession, who makes no moral judgment.”[40] In February 2008, Spielberg withdrew from his role as advisor to the 2008 Summer Olympics.[41][42] When asked why he participated in the designing of the Bird’s Nest, Ai replied “I did it because I love design.”[43] [edit] Sichuan earthquake student casualties investigationOn 15 December 2008, Ai Weiwei supported an investigation into student casualties in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake started by another Chinese artist. The investigation aimed to compile a list of students killed in the earthquake by 12 May 2009, the earthquake’s first anniversary.[44] As of 14 April 2009, the list had accumulated 5,385 names.[45] Ai published the collected names as well as numerous articles documenting the investigation on his blog which was shut down by Chinese authorities in May 2009.[46] Ai Weiwei suffered headaches and claimed he had difficulty concentrating on his work since returning from Chengdu in August 2009, where he was beaten by the police for trying to testify for Tan Zuoren, a fellow investigator of the shoddy construction and student casualties in the earthquake. On 14 September 2009, Ai was diagnosed to be suffering internal bleeding in a hospital in Munich, Germany, and the doctor arranged for emergency brain surgery.[47] The cerebral hemorrhage is believed to be linked to the police attack.[48][49] According to the Financial Times, in an attempt to force Ai to leave the country, two accounts used by him had been hacked in a sophisticated attack on Google in China dubbed Operation Aurora, their contents read and copied; his bank accounts were investigated by state security agents who claimed he was under investigation for “unspecified suspected crimes”.[50] [edit] Shanghai studio controversyIn November 2010, Ai was placed under house arrest by the Chinese police. He said this was to prevent the planned party to mark the demolition of his newly built Shanghai studio from taking place.[51] The building was designed and built by Ai upon encouragement and persuasion from a “high official [from Shanghai]” as part of a new cultural area designated by Shanghai Municipal authorities; Ai would have used it as a studio and to teach architecture courses. But now Ai has been accused of erecting the structure without the necessary planning permission and a demolition notice has been ordered, even though, Ai said, officials had been extremely enthusiastic, and the entire application and planning process was “under government supervision”. According to Ai, a number of artists were invited to build new studios in this area of Shanghai because officials wanted to create a cultural area.[52] On 3 November 2010 Ai said the government had informed him two months earlier that the newly completed studio would be knocked down because it was illegal. Ai complained that this was unfair, as he was “the only one singled out to have my studio destroyed.” The Guardian said that Ai had made a number of documentaries on subjects which touched the raw nerves of Shanghai municipal authorities, including Shanghai resident Feng Zhenghu, who lived in forced exile for three months in Narita Airport, Tokyo.[52] In the end, the party took place without Weiwei’s presence; his supporters feasted on river crab, an allusion to “harmony”, and a euphemism used to jeer official censorship. Ai was released from house arrest the next day.[53] Like other activists and intellectuals, Ai was prevented from leaving China in late 2010. Ai suggested that the authorities wanted to prevent him from attending the ceremony in December 2010 to award the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize to fellow dissident Liu Xiaobo.[54] Ai said that he had not been invited to the ceremony, and was attempting to travel to Koreafor a meeting when he was told that he could not leave for reasons of national security.[55] In the evening of 11 January 2011, Ai’s studio was demolished in a surprise move by the local government.[56][57] [edit] 2011 ArrestOn 24 February, amid an online campaign for Middle East-style Jasmine Rallies in major Chinese cities by overseas dissidents, Ai posted on his Twitter account: “I didn’t care about jasmine at first, but people who are scared by jasmine sent out information about how harmful jasmine is often, which makes me realize that jasmine is what scares them the most. What a jasmine!”[58][59] On 3 April, Ai was arrested just before catching a flight to Hong Kong and his studio facilities were searched.[60] A police contingent of approximately 50 officers came to his studio, threw a cordon around it and searched the premises. They took away laptops and the hard drive from the main computer; they detained Ai, eight staff members and Ai’s wife, Lu Qing. Police also visited the mother of Ai’s two year-old son.[61] Analysts and other activists said Ai had been widely thought to be untouchable, but Nicholas Bequelin from Human Rights Watch suggested that his arrest, calculated to send the message that no one would be immune, must have had the approval of someone in the top leadership.[62] While state media originally reported on 6 April that Ai was arrested at the airport because “his departure procedures were incomplete,”[63] the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 7 April that Ai was arrested under investigation for alleged economic crimes.[64] Then, on 8 April, police returned to Ai’s workshop, “this time targeting the finance office.”[65] On 9 April, Ai’s accountant, as well as studio partner Liu Zhenggang and driver Zhang Jingsong, disappeared[66], while Ai’s assistant Wen Tao has remained missing since Ai’s arrest on 3 April.[67] International governments, human rights groups and art institutions, among others, have called for Ai’s release, while Chinese officials have yet to notify Ai’s family of his whereabouts.[68] [edit] Investigation of Ai Weiwei’s crimesAi Weiwei was under arrest for tax evasion, bigamy and spreading indecent images on the internet. It is reported that the government holds substantial evidence to the above crimes and Ai Weiwei is cooperating and willing to confess.[69] At the moment, Ai Weiwei has admitted that he has made copies and sold two of the twelve famous Old Summer Palace sculptures in 2010, making 120 million dollars from them. He was also selling 100 million ceramic sunflower seeds on Taobao, and it was calculated that he evaded 60 million yuan of tax. [70] [edit] Global protests and calls for immediate release”1001 Chairs for Ai Weiwei” is an international global protest organized by Creative Time of New York that calls for artists to bring chairs to Chinese embassies and consulates around the world on April 17, 2011, at 1 p.m. local time “to sit peacefully in support of the artist’s immediate release.”[71][72] [edit] Václav HavelOn April 13 2011, a group of European intellectual led by Václav Havel had issued an open letter to Wen Jiabao, condemning the arrest and demanding the immediate release of Ai Weiwei. The signatories include Ivan Klima, Jirí Gruša, Jáchym Topol,Elfriede Jelinek, Adam Michnik, Adam Zagajewski, Helmuth Frauendorfer, and Chinese poet in excile Bei Lin(Chinese:??), who drafted the open letter.[73] [edit] Online petitionAn online petition started by Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation and the International Council of Museums, who claimed to have ” some of the largest online museum communities in the world…(and) our collective millions of Facebook fans and Twitter followers” against Ministry of Culture of the People’s Republic of China has collected more than 90,000 signatures, calling for the release of Ai Weiwei[74][75][76][77] [edit] Hong KongOn April 17, 2011, about 150 protesters, including members of Hong Kong artists, holding placards with photos of Ai Weiwei, demanded his immediate release.[78] [edit] GermanyIn Minden, Germany, 12 artists staged a sit-in on chairs in front of the city’s opera house.[79] [edit] TaipeiTaipei Contemporary Art Center on April 9 2011 issuing a statement calling for the release of Ai Weiwei and other Chinese dissidents.[80]

Jimi Hendrix, Photo Text Portrait: Textportrait Jimi Hendrix by Ralph Ueltzhoeffer 2011, January 03. Biography Text (January 03, 2011 by Wikipedia.org - Jimi Hendrix). James Marshall “Jimi” Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix, November 27, 1942[1][2] – September 18, 1970) was an American guitarist and singer-songwriter [...]

Frank Zappa, Photo Text Portrait: December 21, 1940 – December 4. Textportrait Frank Zappa by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, December 05. Biography Text (December 05, 2010 by Wikipedia.org - Frank Zappa). Frank Vincent Zappa[1] (pronounced /ˈzæpə/; December 21, 1940 – December 4, 1993) was an American composer, singer, electric guitarist, record producer, and film director [...]

Louise Bourgeois, Photo Text Portrait: 1911 - 2010. Textportrait Louise Bourgeois by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, December 03. Biography Text (December 03, 2010 by Wikipedia.org - Louise Bourgeois). Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (French pronunciation: [lwiz buʁʒwa]; 25 December 1911-31 May 2010),[1] was a renowned French-American artist and sculptor, best known for her contributions to both modern and contemporary art, and for her spider structures, titled Maman, which resulted in her being nicknamed the Spiderwoman. [...]

Jeff Wall, Photo Text Portrait: *1946 September. Textportrait Jeff Wall by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, November 20. Biography Text (November 20, 2010 by Wikipedia.org). Jeff Wall (born September 29, 1946) in Vancouver, British Columbia is a Canadian artist best known for his large-scale back-lit cibachrome photographs and art-historical writing [...]

Nam June Paik, Photo Text Portrait: *1932 July 20 - 2006 January 29. Textportrait Nam June Paik by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, October 10. Biography Text (October 10, 2010 by Wikipedia.org - Nam June Paik). Nam June Paik (July 20, 1932 – January 29, 2006) was a Korean-born American artist. He worked with a variety of media and is considered to be the first video artist. [...]

Pablo Picasso, Photo Text Portrait: 25 October 1881 - 8 April 1973. Textportrait Pablo Picasso by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, October 04. Biography Text (October 04, 2010 by Wikipedia.org). Pablo Picasso, Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso (Spanish pronunciation: ['paßlo ru'j? pi'kasso]; 25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish-born painter, draughtsman, and sculptor who lived most of his adult life in France [...]

Ernest Hemingway, Photo Text Portrait: July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961. Textportrait Ernest Hemingway by Ralph Ueltzhöffer 2010, September 25. Biography Text (September 25, 2010 by Wikipedia.org). Ernest Hemingway. Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image [...]